Electrical Stimulation

Electrical stimulation has a wide variety of clinical applications in physical therapy.  Electrical stimulation is based on the principles of charged particles flowing to reduce inflammation and control pain.  Clinical units generally use two different types of currents to electrically stimulate muscles.  An interferential current is a waveform produced by the interference of two different medium frequency alternating currents from separate channels.  An interferential current is set up with four electrodes in an “X” pattern over a large body part.  A premodulated current uses one channel to deliver a continuous waveform with a medium frequency and a fluctuating current amplitude.  Premodulated electrical stimulation is delivered with two electrodes evenly spaced over a small, inflamed area.  Electrical stimulation treatments are often combined with temperature modalities (hot packs, cold packs) at the end of a physical therapy session for fifteen minutes to control swelling after activity.

Transcutaneous Electrical Neuromuscular Stimulation (TENS) is a popular electrical stimulation modality for controlling pain.  According to the gate control theory of pain, activation of A-beta nerve fibers can inhibit the transmission of the pain signal from the spinal cord to the brain.  Electrical stimulation, when set with appropriate parameters, can selectively activate the A-beta nerve fibers and block the brain from receiving the pain signal from the body.  TENS units deliver a low voltage current and the patient feels a strong, but comfortable tingling sensation.  Patient-friendly TENS units are available for home use at affordable prices.  A physical therapist can give you product recommendations and detailed instructions on how to set the TENS unit for maximum pain relief.  Contact the therapy team at North Tahoe Physical Therapy for pricing and information.

Ultrasound

Ultrasound is a medical machine that uses sound waves to penetrate into tissue for both thermal and non-thermal healing effects.  Ultrasound functions under the principles of piezoelectricity: the ability to change shape in response to an electrical current.  An electrical current is applied to the crystal in the ultrasound “wand” called a transducer.  The piezoelectric crystal responds to the current by expanding and contracting, creating an ultrasound wave.  This wave is able to penetrate through skin using a conducting gel to tissue depths of 1-3mm to bring blood to the injured site and stimulate healing.  Macrophages are cells that work to localize the inflammatory process and recruit repair cells.  The ultrasound machine increases macrophage activity to consolidate inflammation and accelerate the cellular repair response.

Ultrasound treatment can be performed using either a continuous or pulsed setting for duration of eight minutes. Continuous wave ultrasound is used to produce heat and warm the tissues.  Pulsed wave ultrasound recruits macrophages is recommended for anti-inflammatory effects.  During the ultrasound treatment, the patient may feel a minimal sensation from the ultrasound wave.  The patient may perceive warmth from the ultrasound conductive gel.  Ultrasound can be done for a single session or repeated in consecutive treatments to produce the desired anti-inflammatory effects.

Iontophoresis

Iontophoresis is transdermal anti-inflammatory drug delivery using a low voltage direct current to move charged ions across the skin barrier. Ions are transported through skin pores to deliver Dexamethasone (a corticosteroid recommended for the treatment of inflammatory conditions) in the manufacturer recommended 40mA.minutes dosage.  This machine is set up with the medicated, active electrode over the inflamed tissue and a ground electrode at a distant site.  The patient perceives a light tingle under the medicated patch for the duration of the treatment.   Iontophoresis can be done one time, for several sessions consecutively, or in combination with other modalities to produce an overall anti-inflammatory effect.

Modern physical therapy now has several anti-inflammatory modalities from which to choose during the acute phase of healing.  Other medical professionals (MDs, chiropractors, and acupuncturists) may introduce you to similar tools in treatment designed to control inflammation.  Now that you understand the concept of inflammation and how each modality works to reduce swelling and decrease symptoms you can help your medical team make an educated decision about what combination of medical machines will work best for your body under each condition.

Nationally Certified in Therapeutic Massage and Bodywork, NCTMB as seen written behind a massage therapist name, sets high standards for massage and bodywork practitioners. It protects consumers and employers by ensuring that certified practitioners have the necessary skills and knowledge to perform their job – and that they are committed to upholding NCBTMB’s Standards of Practice and Code of Ethics. NCMTMB is an independent, private, organization established to set high standards of ethical and professional practice through a recognized credible credentialing program.

A nationally certified massage therapist represents the highest professional credential in the field. This therapist has completed a minimum of 500 hours of instruction, demonstrates mastery of core skills, abilities and knowledge, and has passed a standardized exam. This credential will help gain the therapists’ recognition and visibility, and will also increase employment opportunities.

So, is it important when searching for a good massage? Yes, I feel that it is a good thing when doing research for a therapist, yet it’s completely up to that individual. I personally have received great treatments from non-nationally certified therapists. Yet, it does show continued advancement in the profession.

-Brian A. Hrindo, LMT, NCTMB

The first thing that comes to mind for getting in “ski shape” is strengthening. I believe everyone would agree that strengthening of the lower extremity or leg muscles is top on the list. The legs are doing most of the work during a ski or snowboard run, so, focus strength training here. The muscles to emphasize are the quads (front of the thighs) the hamstrings (back of the thighs), the calf muscles, and the glutes. It is very important for one to gain strength of the proximal leg muscles, those closest to the trunk, typically called the hips. The stronger one is in the hip region, the less strain will occur across the knee joint.
A great exercise for the whole lower extremity is the squat. This uses the buttocks, the quads, the calves and the hamstrings. Also great are lunges and leg presses. These exercises directly correlate to the motions used in telemark skiing and downhill skiing. Bicycling is a wonderful outdoor activity for lower extremities. Lastly, calf raises (going up and down on tip toes) is great for balance and calf strength.

Besides strength, flexibility is highly important for all activities. A tight muscle is more likely to tear or be strained because there is no slack in the system. Stretches create length in the muscle and allow for freedom of motion.

While everyone agrees that training the lower extremity muscles is highly important, I also want to emphasize the importance of training the trunk or core muscles. The trunk is the “power center” of the body. These muscles include, among others, the abdominals, the iliopsoas, the glutes, hamstrings, and the spinal extensors. A strong core helps with speed, balance, strength, and power, quickly changing directions, improvement of skill level and prevention of injury. A training program needs to consist of trunk flexibility and strength conditioning. Having a strong and flexible core allows one to twist, turn and stabilize the body during the downhill journey. According to Douglas Brooks, MS, who wrote Effective Strength Training, the trunk is the base or foundation of the body. A body is only as strong as its weakest link. A body needs a strong base from which to direct its energy. If the core is weak, it leads to poor performance or worse, injury.

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It is always best to consult with your doctor before beginning an exercise after prolonged inactivity. Your doctor will perform a complete physical and determine if you will be at risk or if you are safe to begin an exercise program. If the MD gives you the “Go Ahead”, physical therapy is your best option for proceeding.

The PT will evaluate your body before developing an exercise program. Tests may include an assessment of muscle strength in your arms, legs and core. He or she will assess your flexibility, your ligamentous stability, your range of motion in your joints, your endurance level, and your current fitness level. The PT will measure our blood pressure and your heart rate at rest and determine an appropriate activity level for your exercise program. He or she can tailor the program towards your specific fitness goals, for example, weight loss, improved endurance, strength gains, toning or others you may have in mind. If you wish, the PT can also measure your body fat level and develop a plan to reduce that level.

One benefit of beginning a fitness program with a PT is that you are being medically monitored. As you proceed with your fitness program, the PT will assess your heart rate and blood pressure before, during and after activity. Your exercises will be adjusted accordingly. If you have any previous injuries, alert the PT so that area can be protected in your program to prevent a flare up. Additionally, the PT can add exercise to your program to rehabilitate the injured area.

One last advantage of a fitness program which is performed under the direction of a Physical Therapist is the price. A medically guided program may be covered under your health insurance. This means that you may only need to pay for your copayment or coinsurance. If, however, you do not have insurance, many Physical Therapists provide personal training to their clients. The cost may be slightly higher than the fee a personal trainer may charge (about $10-$20 on average). But, the Physical Therapist is a medical professional who has either a Masters or a Doctor of Physical Therapy degree and is trained in the biomechanics of the body, muscle structure and function, injuries and rehab, anatomy and physiology, orthopedics, and strengthening and conditioning.
North Tahoe Physical Therapy works with many clients for reconditioning programs both through insurance and on a cash payment basis. We also offer personal training and Pilates exercise programs.

-Jane O’Brien, MSPT

Therapeutic and deep tissue massage and bodywork can not only relieve acute symptoms but can also affect a change in chronic pain that you may have been experiencing on and off for years. In some cases, massage is the most beneficial tool used to deal with these ongoing discomforts.As with anything, it may take several sessions to relieve symptoms of chronic pain. You didn’t develop these pains overnight, so they may take more than one session to relieve. As you begin to treat your condition, it may be important to be treated several times before you can transition to a less frequent schedule for health maintenance.

Please be sure to share specifics with your massage therapist to develop the best plan for you.Massage therapy is particularly effective in treating the chronic pains experienced as a result of exercise, fibromyalgia, and job related discomforts (i.e. working at a computer, sitting or standing for long periods of time). I have the experience and training to facilitate your bodies healing process and look forward to ridding your body of the pain and discomfort that keep you from enjoying a healthy lifestyle in Lake Tahoe. Massage should not only be looked upon as a commodity, but as preventative maintenance on your body’s tissues and subsequent organs which is one of the best ways to stay out of your doctors’ waiting rooms.

-By: Brian Hrindo, LMT

Chances are it was the bodywork you experienced the day before, and it’s perfectly okay. Yes, soreness can be an after-effect of the treatment and it is common to experience it. Soreness or tenderness can result from the pressure used to release the restrictions in your body’s tissue, and also can be a result of under-hydration either before or after the treatment. If the body is not being properly hydrated after the session to flush out the toxins, such as lactic acid, they may be re-deposited into the muscular system causing tenderness. A great approach would to be properly hydrated prior to your treatment by drinking 2-3 glasses in the hours before your appointment. Water is necessary for the liver to filter out the toxins and chemicals from our body, food, and medications.

A professional massage is more than an ordinary back rub. The reason that massage therapy is so effective is that it physically breaks up the restrictions in the muscle tissue causing pain. It is very much like doing a workout. If the muscles are not used to it, they often respond with some soreness. This should only last a day or two, if it does last longer, speak with your therapist about adjusting the treatment. However, just as with exercise, when your body adjusts to having this type of workout your physical response will also be less intense. As a therapist, I want to know how the body is feeling after the soreness does subside.

After a standard posterior approach total hip replacement, most surgeons instruct the patient (and all involved caregivers) in three major hip precautions. Familiarizing yourself with these three rules will allow you to promote a speedy and safe recovery for your family member:

1. Avoid hip flexion more than 90°- Lifting the leg out in front beyond 90° puts excessive stress on the posterior joint capsule of the hip as it attempts to heal. Exercises that require excessive hip flexion such as marching and straight leg kicks are not recommended after a total hip replacement surgery until the medical professional instructs the patient in the proper form.

2. Avoid hip adduction- If a line were drawn down the middle of your body from head to toe, the affected hip cannot cross over this midline. This rule is particularly difficult to abide by when rolling over in bed. Using a pillow between the patient’s knees can prevent them from crossing the midline.

3. Avoid internal rotation- Do not allow the patient to turn the toes on their affected leg inward. Again, placing a pillow between their feet can prevent the patient from being able to internally rotate their hip.

Depending on the surgeon, physical therapy can begin soon after the patient awakes from the surgery. Specific questions should be directed to the doctor or physical therapist directing the patient care. As the caregiver, remember you are an important part of the rehab team and helping to communicate with the medical professionals can best promote a safe and speedy recovery for your loved one.

-Rebecca L. Deal, MSPT

Sitting Posture- When sitting in your chair, it is important to maintain three spinal curves: an inward curve in your low back, an outward curve in the mid-back, and another inward curve in the neck. Shoulder should remain relaxed but kept back in a retracted position. Your head should be kept level with the chin tucked in for the ideal desk posture.

Seat Settings- Adjust your office chair for optimal posture and comfort. For computer work slightly recline the back of the chair. Although some office chairs have lumbar settings, a separate lumbar support pillow is best. A small towel rolled and put in the small of your back works great to maintain the inward lumbar curve. When sitting against the back of the chair, there should be approximately two inches between the edge of the seat and the back of the knees.

Bending in the Chair- To bend over to reach an object out of a low drawer or pick up an object from the floor it is imperative to maintain the inward curve in your low back. Scoot to the edge of the seat and extend one leg out in front of you. Place one hand on the desk surface to assist with balance and bend from the hips. Using your hips as the hinge for this bending motion helps protect the low back.

Turning in the Chair- No Twisting!! When it is necessary to reach into the cabinet behind you or respond to a co-worker in the cubical next to you, it is important to avoid twisting motions that put excessive forces on the spine. Instead, move your body as a single unit in the direction you intend to go with the hips and feet pointed in the same direction.

Foot Rest- Optimal leg position is a 90° angle at the hips and knees. A 90° angle is best obtained using an appropriate height foot rest. Prevent “slouching” by sliding the office chair under the desk as far as possible while making sure to have adequate leg room.

Wrists over Keyboard- Chronic incorrect wrist positioning while typing can lead to the common office injury of carpal tunnel syndrome. To avoid carpal tunnel syndrome, use a wrist rest to position the wrists straight. Keep both of the elbows bent approximately 90° and supported by the desk surface. Adjusting the keyboard to maintain the straightened wrist position can help prevent the excessive wrist extension which leads to carpal tunnel injuries.

Monitor Position- The computer monitor should be angled to be level with the eyes in order to maintain proper head and neck posture. When attempting to type written material, use a document holder to position items at eye level.

Reaching across the Desk- Arrange the work area to eliminate tasks of repetitive reaching. Keep frequently used items close while storing rarely used supplies in a lower drawer. Repetitive lifting can irritate rotator cuff muscles and should be avoided without proper conditioning.

Talking on the Phone- When conducting business on the phone, do not support the receiver between your neck and shoulder. It is best to use a head-set or speaker-phone features to maintain proper neck alignment while talking on the phone for long business conversations.

Take Frequent Rest Breaks for Exercise- To take the strain off your back and prevent fatigue, change positions often. Alternate job tasks that require different postures when possible. The goal for all office workers is to take a break for one minute every hour to stretch and mobilize all the major joints of the body.

So if you’re up for the challenge of setting up your own ergonomically correct work station, print this list out, tape it to the bottom of your monitor and take the time to save your spine from the work-related aches and pains. For additional work station consultation advice or further questions, contact the physical therapy team at North Tahoe Physical Therapy.

-Rebecca L. Deal, MSPT

Have you ever awoken from a long night of sleep feeling sore, stiff, or in pain? Sleep is supposed to be the body’s way of recovering, resting and rejuvenating the body. Many people find that the 6-8 hours they spend sleeping is anything but restful.

As a physical therapist, I inquire of my client’s sleep position. I find that they are often sleeping in the wrong position. I rarely advocate sleeping on one’s stomach due to the extreme neck rotation combined with extension required in order to achieve this position. This small change in sleep position from the stomach to the side or back can relieve a tremendous amount of neck pain. If you must rest on your stomach to fall asleep, put a pillow under the chest to lift the trunk and allow for the neck to drop into flexion and rotation. One should also remove the pillow from under the head.

Pillows can be used to support the spine during sleep. Side sleepers can place a pillow between the knees to keep the hips from rolling forward and to keep the pelvis level. Back sleepers can place a pillow under the knees. This will allow the back to rest flat against the bed. A rolled towel can be placed inside of the pillow case to support the neck arch just as a contoured pillow would do. Lastly, one can buy pillows designed for side sleepers or for back sleepers in bedding stores. The firmness of these pillows differs to provide the proper amount of support for the cervical spine.

The mattress is an important component of a proper nights sleep. Imagine if you had to stand for 6 hours on a pair of shoes such as flip flops which do not support your arches. Later that day, you may have foot, leg or low back pain. If you had to sit on a chair for work all day that was leaning to one side and too tall for you, your body would ache after the work day. Now, think of sleeping on an old bed that is sinking in the middle or perhaps it is too soft. This bed cannot support the curves of your spine. Your muscles must work all night to give you that support. If you have not replaced your mattress in 4 or 5 years, it may be time to consider a change. Also, remember to flip the mattress as directed by the manufacturer to promote proper wear of the mattress. Firmness of a mattress is dependent upon taste to a degree. A mattress that is too firm may cause a backache while one that is too soft will not provide support. It is up to the sleeper to determine the density that will both create comfort and support.

-Jane O’Brien, MSPT

Physical therapists often use the acronym RICE to educate patients in the principles of controlling the inflammatory response to injury or surgical trauma:

R: rest- Resting the leg after surgery allows the traumatized tissue structures to relax. Surgical procedures involving a bony repair require eight weeks of non-weight bearing status to allow the bone to heal. After a ligament repair, gentle weight-bearing exercises are allowed under the supervision of a physical therapist. Although an individualized home program is encouraged, excessive exercise is not advised.

I: ice- Cold modalities affect blood vessels through the process of vasoconstriction to decrease joint effusion. Choices include an ice pack, an ice water circulating cooler, or an ice cube massage. An ice bag works best over large, general areas and should be administered 15-20 minutes, 2-3x/day. Ice cooler units circulate cold water for a 15 minute treatment. An ice massage takes only 5-7 minutes and works best over bony prominences.

C: compression- Using an Ace bandage or a surgical sleeve to provide constant pressure around the knee joint prevents inflammatory by-products from collecting in the knee joint or draining into the lower leg during weight-bearing activities. The Ace wrap should be applied from top to bottom encompassing the entire knee joint.

E: elevation- Positioning several pillows under the heel prompts the inflammatory fluid to return to the bloodstream and flush back towards the heart to reenter the circulatory system. The key to elevation is to ensure the leg is above the level of the heart (lay flat on back with leg up). Combining the four RICE principles and resting the leg while compressing the joint with an ice bag in an elevated position for 20 minutes after exercise is the ideal situation to control swelling after a knee surgery.

-Rebecca L. Deal, MSPT